Dialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions adequately. It is commonly used in patients with kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Dialysis helps maintain the body's balance of fluids, electrolytes, and waste products when kidney function is impaired.
Although pulmonary medicine only began to evolve as a medical specialty in the 1950s, William Welch and William Osler founded the ‘parent’ organization of the American Thoracic Society
One of the first major discoveries relevant to the field of pulmonology was the discovery of pulmonary circulation. Originally, it was thought that blood reaching the right side of the heart passed through small ‘pores’ in the septum into the left side to be oxygenated, as theorized by Galen; however, the discovery of pulmonary circulation disproves this theory, which had previously been accepted since the 2nd century. Thirteenth century anatomist and physiologist Ibn Al-Nafis accurately theorized that there was no ‘direct’ passage between the two sides.
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